What needs to be done to execute a shell script that results in a "Permission denied" error?

To successfully execute a shell script, the script file must have the appropriate permissions set, specifically the execute bit. When a shell script results in a "Permission denied" error, it typically indicates that the user does not have permission to execute the file.

By setting the execute bit, you allow the operating system to recognize that the script can be run as a program. This is done using the chmod command. For example, you could use chmod +x script.sh to add execute permissions to the script.

This step is crucial because even if you are the owner of the file, you will not be able to run it unless the execute permission is specified. Thus, adjusting the file's permissions to include the execute bit directly resolves the "Permission denied" error when attempting to execute the shell script.